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Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh
Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh (born 23 April 1942) is an analytic philosopher of medicine. He was the first professor of philosophy of medicine at a German university and has made significant contributions to the philosophy, methodology, and logic of medicine since 1970.〔See a list of Sadegh-Zadeh's works on these subjects (here )〕
== Life and career ==
Sadegh-Zadeh was born on 23 April 1942 in Tabriz, Iran. The fourth of eight children, he grew up in Tabriz and attended school from 1947 to 1959. His father was a businessman and ran a minor terrycloth weaving mill. In the wake of severe political and economic crisis in the country caused by the U.S. and British coup d’état against the democratically elected government of Iran's Prime Minister Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh in 1953,〔(CIA Confirms Role in 1953 Iran Coup )〕〔(CIA admits role in Iran coup )〕 he went bankrupt and never recovered. At eleven years of age when entering the high school shortly after his father's bankruptcy, Sadegh-Zadeh told his parents he would become a professor of medicine in the future and provoked laughter from them.〔Cf. (Sadegh-Zadeh's autobiography )〕 They had not enjoyed school.〔Who's Who in the World, 7th edition, 1984-85, entry Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh.〕 Upon finishing school education at the prestigious Ferdowsi High School in Tabriz, Sadegh-Zadeh came to Germany in March 1960 to pursue his goal as a working student and studied medicine and philosophy at the universities of Münster, Berlin, and Göttingen from 1960 to 1971 with Internship and residency 1967-1971. He earned a doctorate of medicine, Dr. med., from the University of Göttingen in November 1971. But immediately he left practical medicine to conduct theoretical research on clinical reasoning, for during his training in the hospital he had got the impression that in the foundations of clinical decision-making something was going wrong to produce about 38% errors of diagnosis and treatment.〔Cf. Gross R, and Löffler M, ''Prinzipien der Medizin. Eine Übersicht ihrer Grundlagen und Methoden''. Berlin: Springer, 1997, p. 357.〕 In an autodidactic way he specialized in the philosophy of medicine and was assistant professor and lecturer 1972-1982 and full professor of philosophy of medicine 1982-2004 at the University of Münster located in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in northwest Germany. He is married since 1970 and has two sons.〔
In the 1970s, Sadegh-Zadeh inaugurated a new direction in the philosophy of medicine that he based, like analytic philosophy, on the application of formal logic and dubbed analytic philosophy of medicine to distinguish it from the traditional philosophy of medicine,〔Sadegh-Zadeh K, ''Handbook of Analytic Philosophy of Medicine''. Second edition. Dordrecht / Holland: Springer, 2015. See the (Handbook here )〕 for he did not, and still does not, consider this traditional style of philosophizing on medicine a scientific endeavor, but "belles lettres".〔See pp. 886-887 and footnote 35 on p. 180 of the aforementioned (Handbook )〕 His international recognition came especially through his work on the logic and methodology of clinical reasoning, including artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic application in the theory of medical decision-making.〔〔 He is the founding editor of two international journals, first ''Metamed'' founded in 1977 (renamed ''Metamedicine'' later. Current title: ''Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics'', published by Springer Verlag),〔See the journal's webpage (here )〕 and second, ''Artificial Intelligence in Medicine'' founded in 1989 (published by Elsevier).〔See the journal's webpage (here )〕 His extensive work includes the following innovative theories: a comprehensive theory of medicine presented in his monumental ''Handbook,''〔 theory of fuzzy biopolymers,〔Fuzzy genomes. ''Artificial Intelligence in Medicine,'' 2000; 18:1-28. In addition, an advanced version of the theory may be found in Section 17.5.4 on ''Fuzzy Logic in Biomedicine'' on pages 665-683 of the above-mentioned (Handbook )〕 the prototype resemblance theory of disease,〔A PDF of the theory may be accessed (here ). In addition, see also the above-mentioned (Handbook ), pp. 165-212.〕 the palimpsest theory of mind,〔See the paragraph ''A palimpsest theory of consciousness and self-consciousness'' in the above-mentioned (Handbook ), pp. 151-154.〕 and the theory of technoevolution and Machina Sapiens.〔Sadegh-Zadeh K, ''When Man Forgot How to Think. The Emergence of Machina Sapiens''. (In German.) Tecklenburg, Germany: Burgverlag, 2000.〕
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